Marcus Brutus The Tragic Hero Of Julius Ceasar - 972 Words

â€Å"A man cannot become a hero until he can see the root of his own downfall.†(Aristotle). It should be noted that the Heroes downfall is his own fault as a result of his own free will, At times his death is seen as a waste of human potential. His death usually is not a pure loss, because it results in greater knowledge and awareness. In Julius Ceasar, William Shakespeare develops Marcus Brutus as the Tragic Hero whose ambition and naivety in his blind confidence in the nobility of man sparked guidance in a series of events which inevitably forced him to succumb to self destruction. First and foremost Brutus is the Tragic Hero of the play as has been said. Now with the title of Tragic hero comes a weakness, a tragic flaw in the characters†¦show more content†¦Now my final point in the showing of the naivety of dear Brutus is how he allows Antony to speak in Caesars funeral. He trusts that Antony will not speak ill of the conspirators and will only speak as a friend to Ceasar and give a eulogy of him. For he says, â€Å"That’s all I seek; †¦/And in the pulpit, as becomes a friend/ Speak in order of his funeral.†(Antony 3.1).Brutus takes Antony’s word that he will not turn up insurrection against the conspirators for he believes all men a honest and noble. As we know Antony is not true to what he says and turns the tides against the conspirators and sparks anarchy in Rome. This all due to his tragic flaw which will lead to his death. Shakespeare developed Marcus Brutus as the Tragic Hero whose ambition and naivety in his blind confidence in the nobility of man sparked guidance in a series of events which inevitably had him destroy himself. Perhaps Shakespeare is trying to give a lesson to those that view or read this play. It may be that he is telling us how our flaws if not watched and cared for may lead us on the wrong path of life and have us do things we never thought we were capable of in the sense of wrongdoing. Maybe he is saying that we may all have the potential to be our own tragic heroes in the play that we know as life. With that being said we would have a tragic flaw that would lead to anguish, demise and or death. In fact Brutus the Tragic hero of the play ended his life on the count of his flaws. HisShow MoreRelatedThe Renaissance and It’s Affect on William Shakespeare’s Works2369 Words   |  10 Pages2004). One of Shakespeare’s most famous plays, Julius Caesar, believed to b e written in 1599 (Shakespeare, 1998), was based off of the work of Plutarch, a Greek historian, biographer and essayist. Plutarch documented the lives of over 46 notable Greeks and Romans (Blackburn, 2008). Although Shakespeare found use for most of the material through his several Roman plays, for Julius Caesar he focused on Plutarch’s Life of Julius Caesar and Marcus Brutus (Mabillard, 2000). Coriolanus, one of Shakespeares

My Experience At My Life - 741 Words

September 14th, 2011, the last day I have in Manado, Indonesia. My family and friends were in the airport, waiting for me, while I was checking in my luggage. When I went back, all of my friends were standing and smiling at me. I know they were sad, but they tried to cover it with their smile. I gave each one of them a t-shirt that has writing about them, and they gave me the same thing. We talked, laughed, and joked around until it was time for me to go. Tears were falling down on their cheeks, when they heard that it was time for me to go. I gave my family and friends a hug, and went to the terminal. My journey started, when I got in to the airplane. It was a long-long journey, I thought, because it took hours to get to Los Angeles. I was excited at first, but then sad again when I think about home. I was crying while I was on the airplane, thinking, how my life is going to be in Harbert Hills. I had some stops. The first stop was at Changi Airport, Singapore. We have to stay there for a night, until the next flight (the next day). The airport is really nice and clean. They have free internet, a free place to rest, and it is very safe too, so I do not have to worry about my suit case. I was on the computer most of the night, checking my e-mails and Facebook. I could not sleep that night, because I was thinking about my life at home, and again, how is it going to be in Harbert Hills. The second stop was at Narita Airport, Tokyo, Japan. It was only 45Show MoreRelatedMy Experience In My Life742 Words   |  3 Pagesone has a perfect life or even a perfect family. At times I have experienced what losing someone or something that meant so much to me. I always wondered to myself about why these situations happen to me, which also led me to put myself in a depression stage. My father was diagnosed with liver cancer and infection in his stomach area in March 2015. As he was in and out of the hospital. First, Growing up I never had a good life but I was lucky to have both of my parents in my life. It was a bond withRead MoreMy Experience In My Life1013 Words   |  5 Pages At this point in my life , if i review my previous experiences i would say that i am fairly pleased. Ive been able to gain numerous life and academic skills through hard work and determination. Though many of my experiences havent been pleasant ,in a way it has helped me grow and build my character as a person. As individuals we all go through many harsh obstacles , obstacles we sometimes think we will never overcome . but eventually we do . right ? think about it evenRead MoreMy Experience With My Life1356 Words   |  6 Pagesdo not have an abundant number of passions myself. In fact, as I think about it there are really only two subjects of interest that I feel rise to the level of passion for me; my God and sports. These two areas have been integral parts of my life for as long as I can remember. I grew up in the church and much of my young life was spent either there or on a sports field of some sort. These two institutions, I feel have shaped me into the adult that I have become and the career I feel myself called toRead MoreMy Experience On My Life1202 Words   |  5 PagesAll I could think of sitting at my desk at work was about the conversation me and my husband had the night before. I sat there staring at my computer screen wondering if it was the right thing to do, or was I just wasting my time on a hope long forgotten. The hours slowly ticked by, and everything I was working on with my customers and their loans were a blur. I couldn’t get that thought out of my head. It was eating away at me. This is something that I have wanted for a long time. I put it on holdRead MoreMy Experience In My Life942 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout a person’s life, there can be many things, such as friends and family, education, or sports, that help them develop skills to turn them into the person they are today. Without these different skills, it can possibly lead to a lower standard of living, which is not what we strive for. The thing that helped me develop my unique skill set that I can use through the rest of my life, which is also my cultural artifact, is a football. Football has taught many different things that I am ableRead MoreMy Experience In My Life905 Words   |  4 Pagesmajority of my life I have belonged in the little world , stretching from Chicago to Cleveland and South Bend to Nashville. The boundaries of my known world have always felt like a limiting factor in my life. While my friends ventured to far away lands every year, I would spend the night at my grandparents house or we would make a day-trip to a city. 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One of the most important and useful skill you will need is writing. From first, learning to write words and sentences, to more advanced writing like essays. Everyone learns to write a little differently, some ways are learning from your parents or learning words and letters in kindergarten. As you get further down the path of life you develop higher skills of writing. As peopleRead MoreMy Experience On My Life953 Words   |  4 PagesThe wind was slicing through my hair as my sweat was dripping off my metallic purple frames. I placed each foot on each of the pedals and took off. My whole world was filled with the rattling sounds coming from the dreaded training wheels. Everything would always come to a stop whenever I would hit each bump. â€Å"I need to get these thing off!† I thought constantly. The training wheels were such a nuisance because they gave me a wobble that kept me off balance, and they provided no extra speed. ThereRead MoreMy Experience In My Life1850 Words   |  8 Pagesthrough while growing up and forming into the person I am today. Going through all the experiences I have gone through, I didnâ€⠄¢t realize how much they would impact me today and serve as lessons. Today I am a freshman in college. I did not think I would make it this far. The precious gift of life is to enjoy every moment as if it is your last. May 12, 2007. Boom. A sound I will remember forever. My eyes are wide and my jaw drops. I can’t believe what I’m seeing. Let’s start from the beginning. On this

Forward the Foundation Chapter 21 Free Essays

string(137) " first to suggest that a group of us go to the Dome’s Edge Hotel\?† â€Å"Yes and I remember you saying it was a good idea\." 25 Hari Seldon knocked gently with an old-fashioned code and Yugo Amaryl looked up. â€Å"Hari, how nice of you to drop around.† â€Å"I should do it more often. We will write a custom essay sample on Forward the Foundation Chapter 21 or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the old days we were together all the time. Now there are hundreds of people to worry about-here, there, and everywhere-and they get between us. Have you heard the news?† â€Å"What news?† â€Å"The junta is going to set up a poll tax-a nice substantial one. It will be announced on TrantorVision tomorrow. It will be just Trantor for now and the Outer Worlds will have to wait. That’s a little disappointing. I had hoped it would be Empire-wide all at once, but apparently I didn’t give the General enough credit for caution.† Amaryl said, â€Å"Trantor will be enough. The Outer Worlds will know that their turn will follow in not too long a time.† â€Å"Now we’ll have to see what happens.† â€Å"What will happen is that the shouting will start the instant the announcement is out and the riots will begin, even before the new tax goes into effect.† â€Å"Are you sure of it?† Amaryl put his Prime Radiant into action at once and expanded the appropriate section. â€Å"See for yourself, Hari. I don’t see how that can be misinterpreted and that’s the prediction under the particular circumstances that now exist. If it doesn’t happen, it means that everything we’ve worked out in psychohistory is wrong and I refuse to believe that.† â€Å"I’ll try to have courage,† said Seldon, smiling. Then â€Å"How do you feel lately, Yugo?† â€Å"Well enough. Reasonably well. And how are you, by the way? I’ve heard rumors that you’re thinking of resigning. Even Dors said something about that.† â€Å"Pay no attention to Dors. These days she’s saying all sorts of things. She has a bug in her head about some sort of danger permeating the Project.† â€Å"What kind of danger?† â€Å"It’s better not to ask. She’s just gone off on one of her tangents and, as always, that makes her uncontrollable.† Amaryl said, â€Å"See the advantage I have in being single?† Then, in a lower voice, â€Å"If you do resign, Hari, what are your plans for the future?† Seldon said, â€Å"You’ll take over. What other plans can I possibly have?† And Amaryl smiled. 26 In the small conference room in the main building, Tamwile Elar listened to Dors Venabili with a gathering look of confusion and anger on his face. Finally he burst out, â€Å"Impossible!† He rubbed his chin, then went on cautiously, â€Å"I don’t mean to offend you, Dr. Venabili, but your suggestions are ridic-cannot be right. There’s no way in which anyone can think that there are, in this Psychohistory Project, any feelings so deadly as to justify your suspicions. I would certainly know if there were and I assure you there are not. Don’t think it.† â€Å"I do think it,† said Dors stubbornly, â€Å"and I can find evidence for it.† Elar said, â€Å"I don’t know how to say this without offense, Dr. Venabili, but if a person is ingenious enough and intent enough on proving something, he or she can find all the evidence he or she wants-or, at least, something he or she believes is evidence.† â€Å"Do you think I’m paranoid?† â€Å"I think that in your concern for the Maestro-something in which I’m with you all the way-you’re, shall we say, overheated.† Dors paused and considered Elar’s statement. â€Å"At least you’re right that a person with sufficient ingenuity can find evidence anywhere. I can build a case against you, for instance.† Elar’s eyes widened as he stared at her in total astonishment. â€Å"Against me? I would like to hear what case you can possibly have against me.† â€Å"Very well. You shall. The birthday party was your idea, wasn’t it?† Elar said, â€Å"I thought of it, yes, but I’m sure others did, too. With the Maestro moaning about his advancing years, it seemed a natural way of cheering him up.† â€Å"I’m sure others may have thought of it, but it was you who actually pressed the issue and got my daughter-in-law fired up about it. She took over the details and you persuaded her that it was possible to put together a really large celebration. Isn’t that so?† â€Å"I don’t know if I had any influence on her, but even if I did, what’s wrong with that?† â€Å"In itself, nothing, but in setting up so large and widespread and prolonged a celebration, were we not advertising to the rather unstable and suspicious men of the junta that Hari was too popular and might be a danger to them?† â€Å"No one could possibly believe such a thing was in my mind.† Dors said, â€Å"I am merely pointing out the possibility. In planning the birthday celebration, you insisted that the central offices be cleared out-â€Å" â€Å"Temporarily. For obvious reasons.† â€Å"-and insisted that they remain totally unoccupied for a while. No work was done-except by Yugo Amaryl-during that time.† â€Å"I didn’t think it would hurt if the Maestro had some rest in advance of the party. Surely you can’t complain about that.† â€Å"But it meant that you could consult with other people in the empty offices and do so in total privacy. The offices are, of course, well shielded.† â€Å"I did consult there-with your daughter-in-law, with caterers, suppliers, and other tradesmen. It was absolutely necessary, wouldn’t you say?† â€Å"And if one of those you consulted with was a member of the junta?† Elar looked as though Dors had hit him. â€Å"I resent that, Dr. Venabili. What do you take me for?† Dors did not answer directly. She said, â€Å"You went on to talk to Dr. Seldon about his forthcoming meeting with the General and urged him-rather pressingly-to let you take his place and run the risks that might follow. The result was, of course, that Dr. Seldon insisted rather vehemently on seeing the General himself, which one can argue was precisely what you wanted him to do.† Elar emitted a short nervous laugh. â€Å"With all due respect, this does sound like paranoia, Doctor.† Dors pressed on. â€Å"And then, after the party, it was you, wasn’t it, who was the first to suggest that a group of us go to the Dome’s Edge Hotel?† â€Å"Yes and I remember you saying it was a good idea.† â€Å"Might it not have been suggested in order to make the junta uneasy, as yet another example of Hari’s popularity? And might it not have been arranged to tempt me into invading the Palace grounds?† â€Å"Could I have stopped you?† said Elar, his incredulity giving way to anger. â€Å"You had made up your own mind about that.† Dors paid no attention. â€Å"And, of course, you hoped that by entering the Palace grounds I might make sufficient trouble to turn the junta even further against Hari.† â€Å"But why, Dr. Venabili? Why would I be doing this?† â€Å"One might say it was to get rid of Dr. Seldon and to succeed him as director of the Project.† â€Å"How can you possibly think this of me? I can’t believe you are serious. You’re just doing what you said you would at the start of this exercise just showing me what can be done by an ingenious mind intent on finding so-called evidence.† â€Å"Let’s turn to something else. I said that you were in a position to use the empty rooms for private conversations and that you may have been there with a member of the junta.† â€Å"That is not even worth a denial.† â€Å"But you were overheard. A little girl wandered into the room, curled up in a chair out of sight, and overheard your conversation.† Elar frowned. â€Å"What did she hear?† â€Å"She reported that two men were talking about death. She was only a child and could not repeat anything in detail, but two words did impress her and they were ‘lemonade death.’ â€Å" â€Å"Now you seem to be changing from fantasy to-if you’ll excuse me -madness. What can ‘lemonade death’ mean and what would it have to do with me?† â€Å"My first thought was to take it literally. The girl in question is very fond of lemonade and there was a good deal of it at the party, but no one had poisoned it.† â€Å"Thanks for granting sanity that much.† â€Å"Then I realized the girl had heard something else, which her imperfect command of the language and her love of the beverage had perverted into ‘lemonade.'† â€Å"And have you invented a distortion?† Elar snorted. â€Å"It did seem to me for a while that what she might have heard was laymen-aided death.'† â€Å"What does that mean?† â€Å"An assassination carried through by laymen-by nonmathematicians.† Dors stopped and frowned. Her hand clutched her chest. Elar said with sudden concern, â€Å"Is something wrong, Dr. Venabili?† â€Å"No,† said Dors, seeming to shake herself. For a few moments she said nothing further and Elar cleared his throat. There was no sign of amusement on his face any longer, as he said, â€Å"Your comments, Dr. Venabili, are growing steadily more ridiculous and-well, I don’t care if I do offend you, but I have grown tired of them. Shall we put an end to this?† â€Å"We are almost at an end, Dr. Elar. Layman-aided may indeed be ridiculous, as you say. I had decided that in my own mind, too. You are, in part, responsible for the development of the Electro-Clarifier, aren’t you?† Elar seemed to stand straighter as he said with a touch of pride, â€Å"Entirely responsible.† â€Å"Surely not entirely. I understand it was designed by Cinda Monay.† â€Å"A designer. She followed my instructions.† â€Å"A layman. The Electro-Clarifier is a layman-aided device.† With suppressed violence Elar said, â€Å"I don’t think I want to hear that phrase again. Once more, shall we put an end to this?† Dors forged on, as if she hadn’t heard his request. â€Å"Though you give her no credit now, you gave Cinda credit to her face-to keep her working eagerly, I suppose. She said you gave her credit and she was very grateful because of it. She said you even called the device by her name and yours, though that’s not the official name.† â€Å"Of course not. It’s the Electro-Clarifier.† â€Å"And she said she was designing improvements, intensifiers, and so on-and that you had the prototype of an advanced version of the new device for testing.† â€Å"What has all this to do with anything?† â€Å"Since Dr. Seldon and Dr. Amaryl have been working with the Electro-Clarifier, both have in some ways deteriorated. Yugo, who works with it more, has also suffered more.† â€Å"The Electro-Clarifier can, in no way, do that kind of damage.† Dors put her hand to her forehead and momentarily winced. She said, â€Å"And now you have a more intense Electro-Clarifier that might do more damage, that might kill quickly, rather than slowly.† â€Å"Absolute nonsense.† â€Å"Now consider the name of the device, a name which, according to the woman who designed it, you are the only one to use. I presume you called it the Elar-Monay Clarifier.† â€Å"I don’t ever recall using that phrase,† said Elar uneasily. â€Å"Surely you did. And the new intensified Elar-Monay Clarifies could he used to kill with no blame to be attached to anyone just a sad accident through a new and untried device. It would be the ‘Elar-Monay death’ and a little girl heard it as `lemonade death.’ â€Å" Dors’s hand groped at her side. Elar said softly, â€Å"You are not well, Dr. Venabili.† â€Å"I am perfectly well. Am I not correct?† â€Å"Look, it doesn’t matter what you can twist into lemonade. Who knows what the little girl may have heard? It all boils down to the deadliness of the Electro-Clarifier. Bring me into court or before a scientific investigating board and let experts-as many as you like-check the effect of the Electro-Clarifier, even the new intensified one, on human beings. They will find it has no measurable effect.† â€Å"I don’t believe that,† muttered Venabili. Her hands were now at her forehead and her eyes were closed. She swayed slightly. Elar said, â€Å"It is clear that you are not well, Dr. Venabili. Perhaps that means it is my turn to talk. May I?† Dors’s eyes opened and she simply stared. â€Å"I’ll take your silence for consent, Doctor. Of what use would it be for me to try to to get rid of Dr. Seldon and Dr. Amaryl in order to take my place as director? You would prevent any attempt I made at assassination, as you now think you are doing. In the unlikely case that I succeeded in such a project and was rid of the two great men, you would tear me to pieces afterward. You’re a very unusual woman-strong and fast beyond belief-and while you are alive, the Maestro is safe.† â€Å"Yes,† said Dors, glowering. â€Å"I told this to the men of the junta. Why should they not consult me on matters involving the Project? They are very interested in psychohistory, as well they ought to be. It was difficult for them to believe what I told them about you-until you made your foray into the Palace grounds. That convinced them, you can be sure, and they agreed with my plan.† â€Å"Aha. Now we come to it,† Dors said weakly. â€Å"I told you the Electro-Clarifier cannot harm human beings. It cannot. Amaryl and your precious Hari are just getting old, though you refuse to accept it. So what? They are fine-perfectly human. The electromagnetic field has no effect of any importance on organic materials. Of course, it may have adverse effects on sensitive electromagnetic machinery and, if we could imagine a human being built of metal and electronics, it might have an effect on it. Legends tell us of such artificial human beings. The Mycogenians have based their religion on them and they call such beings â€Å"robots.† If there were such a thing as a robot, one would imagine it would be stronger and faster by far than an ordinary human being, that it would have properties, in fact, resembling those you have, Dr. Venabili. And such a robot could, indeed, be stopped, hurt, even destroyed by an intense Electro-Clarifier, such as the one that I have here, one that has been operating at low energy since we began our conversation. That is why you are feeling ill, Dr. Venabili-and for the first time in your existence, I’m sure.† Dors said nothing, merely stared at the man. Slowly she sank into a chair. Elar smiled and went on, â€Å"Of course, with you taken care of, there will be no problem with the Maestro and with Amaryl. The Maestro, in fact, without you, may fade out at once and resign in grief, while Amaryl is merely a child in his mind. In all likelihood, neither will have to be killed. How does it feel, Dr. Venabili, to be unmasked after all these years? I must admit, you were very good at concealing your true nature. It’s almost surprising that no one else discovered the truth before now. But then, I am a brilliant mathematician-an observer, a thinker, a deducer. Even I would not have figured it out were it not for your fanatical devotion to the Maestro and the occasional bursts of superhuman power you seemed to summon at will-when he was threatened. â€Å"Say good-bye, Dr. Venabili. All I have to do now is to turn the device to full power and you will be history.† Dors seemed to collect herself and rose slowly from her seat, mumbling, â€Å"I may be better shielded than you think.† Then, with a grunt, she threw herself at Elar. Elar, his eyes widening, shrieked and reeled back. Then Dors was on him, her hand flashing. Its side struck Elar’s neck, smashing the vertebrae and shattering the nerve cord. He fell dead on the floor. Dors straightened with an effort and staggered toward the door. She had to find Hari. He had to know what had happened. 27 Hari Seldon rose from his seat in horror. He had never seen Dors look so, her face twisted, her body canted, staggering as though she were drunk. â€Å"Dors! What happened! What’s wrong!† He ran to her and grasped her around the waist, even as her body gave way and collapsed in his arms. He lifted her (she weighed more than am ordinary woman her size would have, but Seldon was unaware of that at ** the moment) and placed her on the couch. â€Å"What happened?† he said. She told him, gasping, her voice breaking now and then, while he cradled her head and tried to force himself to believe what was happening. â€Å"Elar is dead,† she said. â€Å"I finally killed a human being. First time. Makes it worse.† â€Å"How badly are you damaged, Dors?† â€Å"Badly. Elar turned on his device-full-when I rushed him.† â€Å"You can be readjusted.† â€Å"How? There’s no one-on Trantor-who knows how. I need Daneel.† Daneel. Demerzel. Somehow, deep inside, Hari had always known. His friend-a robot-had provided him with a protector-a robot-to ensure that psychohistory and the seeds of the Foundations were given a chance to take root. The only problem was, Hari had fallen in love with his protector-a robot. It all made sense now. All the nagging doubts and the questions could be answered. And somehow, it didn’t matter one bit. All that mattered was Dors. â€Å"We can’t let this happen.† â€Å"It must.† Dors’s eyes fluttered open and looked at Seldon. â€Å"Must. Tried to save you, but missed-vital point-who will protect you now?† Seldon couldn’t see her clearly. There was something wrong with his eyes. â€Å"Don’t worry about me, Dors. It’s you-It’s you-â€Å" â€Å"No. You, Hari. Tell Manella-Manella-I forgive her now. She did better than I. Explain to Wanda. You and Raych-take care of each other.† â€Å"No no no,† said Seldon, rocking back and forth. â€Å"You can’t do this. Hang on, Dors. Please. Please, my love.† Dors’s head shook feebly and she smiled even more feebly. â€Å"Goodbye, Hari, my love. Remember always-all you did for me.† â€Å"I did nothing for you.† â€Å"You loved me and your love made me-human.† Her eyes remained open, but Dors had ceased functioning. Yugo Amaryl came storming into Seldon’s office. â€Å"Hari, the riots are beginning, sooner and harder even than exp-â€Å" And then he stared at Seldon and Dors and whispered, â€Å"What happened?† Seldon looked up at him in agony. â€Å"Riots! What do I care about riots now? What do I care about anything now?† How to cite Forward the Foundation Chapter 21, Essay examples

Intergenerational Conflicts Essay Sample free essay sample

In all sorts of ethic groups in the United States. Asiatic Americans such as Chinese and Indians are considered as the largest immigrant group. Although struggles are inevitable between parents and kids. immigrant households face more challenges in intergenerational struggles. and there are several grounds. First of all. the dissension of different values and premises between two civilizations chiefly cause household struggles. For Chinese immigrant parents. they follow the Confucian values. which emphasizes filial piousness. difficult work. service and accomplishments in instruction and businesss as criterions in lives ( Foner. p. 21 ) ; nevertheless. kids who are born and raise in American civilization. seek more independency and freedom for their ain facets. and bulk consequences against their parents. Furthermore. issues of subject and regard may easy make spreads between coevalss. For the 2nd coevalss. who are reared in American civilization and garbage to follow the regulations and origin civilization. see their parents as old-fashion and chesty. We will write a custom essay sample on Intergenerational Conflicts Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page and â€Å" [ T ] he parents. with their ( sometimes idealized ) old universe criterions. frequently think their kids are ill-mannered and disrespectful † ( Foner. p. 5 ) . Besides. transcending outlooks and inabilities of linguistic communication reading for some immigrant parents besides struggle the relationships with their kids ( Lieber. p. 35 ) . Even though intergenerational struggles in immigrant households in the U. S. may weaken the relationship between parents and kids. as kids grow up as grownups. those struggles really help beef up the relationship in the long tally. Intergenerational struggles may do negative effects for both parents and kids. Discrepancies of heat from parents may act upon the attitude of immigrant kids in a negative manner. For illustration. some Asiatic immigrant parents such as India are non really expressive with their kids physically and emotionally. and this makes Asiatic American striplings. who have been taught to evidently express feelings. think their parents are non demoing the heat to them as the manner they expect ( Wu. p. 516 ) . Furthermore. for immigrant parents. they intend to rule their kids in beliefs and behaviours due to the fright of losing beginning. A psychological science survey shows that â€Å" [ P ] arents who were socialized throughout their childhood and early maturity in their state of beginning are likely to hold a stable and established sense of Asiatic individuality â€Å" ( Wang. p. 169 ) . and they besides expect their kids to take part and accomplish good in American civilization. As a con sequence. struggles of high outlooks to keep two different civilizations and outstanding accomplishment would easy do mental emphasis. depression and anxiousness for immigrant striplings. For illustration. an probe shows that â€Å" Korean American college pupils who perceived their parents as extremely traditional ( stressing cultural values ) reported more depressive symptoms † ( Wu. p. 517 ) . and another survey besides indicates that â€Å"Young people in Filipino and Chinese households are under enormous force per unit area from their parents to acquire good classs. to graduate from college. and to prosecute â€Å"practical† callings such as jurisprudence. medical specialty. or technology â€Å" ( Foner. p. 6 ) . On the other manus. non merely kids. immigrant parents would besides be affected negatively. For case. children’s marginalisation of keeping original civilization would do great defeat to immigrant parents. and even the failure in academic public presentation would besides do them experience shame on the hapless kids. who consider themselves â€Å"working at least twice every bit difficult as their American equals while experienci ng that their parents neer think they work difficult enough† ( Foner. p. 6 ) . Therefore. normally. people assume that the relationship between immigrant parents and kids would be earnestly affected and weakened due to these negative effects. However. when 2nd coevalss grow up as grownups. those struggles they had before would do both parents and kids change their point of position about each other and bit by bit develop better socialization and accommodations. First of all. even though the intergenerational struggles in immigrant households cause many statements. dissatisfactions. defeats. and even depressions between parents and kids. their relationship does non truly interrupt apart as we thought. In a instance survey. the writer explains. â€Å"even when immature people chafe under parental restraints and duties. the huge bulk feel deep fondness for and trueness to their parents and grandparents and acknowledge the importance of household and the demand to help and back up household members â€Å" ( Foner. p. 8 ) . and the household really â€Å" create [ s ] strong emotional ties that bond members together â€Å" ( Foner. p. 8 ) although it is non evidently shown from parents and kids. Therefore. when kids become grownups. their ways of thought would alter and may get down believing maturely. For illustration. for Chinese immigrant households. filial duty. which emphasizes the importance of attention for and back uping each household member. plays an highly of import function in Chinese values ( Diwan. p. 55 ) . Undoubtedly. Chinese immigrant parents would extremely anticipate their kids to prolong this duty even though their kids are Americanized. As for immigrant striplings. who have already been pressured by other outlooks from their parents. may make marginalisation and do household struggles ; nevertheless. every bit turning as grownups and confronting the world of the universe. they may reflect those struggles in the yesteryear and acknowledge the importance of back uping and caring household. Besides. they may get down to understand why their parents insist to keep the traditions and beliefs in their host civilization ( Diwan. p. 58 ) . Besides. as kids turning up. immigrant parents’ point of position would besides go different from before. For case. since immigrant kids are still developing their features. some immigrant parents set up rigorous parental counsel in order to set up and determine their children’s personalities or perceptual experiences in the manner they expect ; however. after their kids become grownups. some parents may non be every bit rigorous as earlier due to the belief that their kids are able to be responsible for their ain lives. In the instance of altering point of positions. both parents and kids would get down seeking to accept different beliefs from each other. and mentally. socialization and accommodations would be successfully formed. Furthermore. after altering point of position. behaviours would besides accordingly change to organize a better relationship between immigrant coevalss. Since the point of position has become different and both parents and kids become more willing to accept the differences. their behaviours would bit by bit alter for rapprochement ; in other words. to beef up intergenerational relationship. For parents. they become more flexible in subject. non every bit stubborn as they used to be. For case. â€Å" widening the eventide curfew hr. or allowing dating earlier than some parents would wish â€Å" ( Foner. p. 8 ) ; besides. picks of calling. involvements. and even marriage agreement can besides be negotiated. which is different from the yesteryear that kids are expected to obey their parents’ determinations without expostulations. A research about rearing patterns among Indian immigrant households indicates that â€Å" some parents are seeking to larn new ways to train their ki ds ; some are larning new techniques from their kids. who explain how American or Americanized friends are disciplined â€Å" ( Foner. p. 8 ) . and this survey shows that immigrant parents are seeking to alter themselves in order to acquire closer to their kids. Furthermore. as for the 2nd coevalss. unlike the clip as striplings. alternatively of preferring to be entirely with friends. they behave more caring about household members and voluntarily supply support when there is a demand. For illustration. linguistic communication barriers were used to be one of the struggles among some immigrant parents and kids. However. after the alteration of point of position. some Chinese 2nd coevalss no longer experience shame about their parents’ inabilities of linguistic communication reading. and an probe shows that some 2nd coevalss become more willing to assist their parents cover with linguistic communication job. and some immigrant parents even better their linguistic communication ability from their turning kids ( Costigan. p. 1253 ) . Besides. for some immigrant Asian-American authors. who realize their individuality in two different civilizations. appreciate their parents and portion their grasp by composing kids books. and â€Å"many of them write about their past defeat of populating two different civilizations every bit good as usage narratives to show their new grasp of the hard- ships their parents and grandparents endured and of the cultural civilization they transmitted â€Å" ( Mo. p. 182 ) . Truong Tran. a Vietnamese-American author who has immigrated to the U. S since the age of five. writes an debut in the book Going Home. Coming Home that â€Å" It took me 25 old ages to return—to Vietnam. and to myself as a Vietnamese. In making so. I discovered myself as an American. I am non one or the other but in fact both†¦ It is a narrative of detecting that place is non a topographic point rooted in a state but a feeling rooted in the bosom ’’ ( qut. in Mo. p. 10 ) . and this good describes the feelings of the 2nd coevals Asian-Americans. Therefore. since both immigrant parents and kids begin to alter mentally and physically for a better socialization. â€Å" kids are less prone to experience embarrassed by their parents and more willing to accept parental counsel. thereby cut downing the likeliness of intergenerational struggle â€Å" ( Foner. p. 8 ) ; in other words. intergenerational struggles would be minimized. Finally. intergenerational struggles are inevitable in immigrant households. and these struggles frequently bring out confrontations. disagreements of values and premises. and letdowns of rebelliousness between immigrant parents and kids. Sometimes. intergenerational struggles may raise negative result and harm the relationship between coevalss. However. intergenerational struggles can be really reduced and the relationship can besides go tighter if both parents and kids try to alter their old point of positions. which are against each other. and show credence of different values and beliefs. In that instance. household relationship would bit by bit be strengthen and neer interrupt apart. Furthermore. if the society can lend and help immigrant households more ; for case. set uping free linguistic communication larning for immigrant parents who have jobs with English looks. or forming some consulting centres for immigrant parents to inquire for aid when there are struggles between the m and their kids. If there are more aids and aid for immigrant households. intergenerational struggles would be reduced faster and earlier alternatively of waiting for the 2nd coevals turning as grownups. in which it would takes more clip. Work Cited Wu. Chunxia. and Chao. Ruth K. â€Å"Intergenerational Cultural Conflicts In Norms Of Parental Warmth Among Chinese American Immigrants. † International Journal Of Behavioral Development 29. 6 ( 2005 ) : 516-523. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 May 2012. Foner. Nancy. Across Coevalss: Immigrant Families In America. New York UniversityPress. 2009. eBook Collection ( EBSCOhost ) . Web. 21 June 2012. Lieber. Eli. et Al. â€Å"Ethnic Identity. Acculturation. Rearing Beliefs. And Adolescent Adjustment: A Comparison Of Asian Indian And European American Families. † Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 53. 2 ( 2007 ) : 184-215. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 June 2012. Wang. Jenny Jiun-Ling. et Al. â€Å"Parent–Child Cultural Marginalization AndDepressive Symptoms In Asiatic American Family Members. † Journal Of Community Psychology 34. 2 ( 2006 ) : 167-182. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 June 2012. Costigan. Catherine L. . and Daphne P. Dokis. â€Å"Relations Between Parent–Child Acculturation Differences And Adjustment Within Immigrant Chinese Families. † Child Development 77. 5 ( 2006 ) : 1252-1267. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 June 2012. Mo. Weimin. and Wenju. Shen. â€Å"Home: A Feeling Rooted In The Heart. † Children’s Literature In Education 38. 3 ( 2007 ) : 173-185. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 June 2012. Diwan. Sadhna. Sang E. Lee. and Soma Sen. â€Å"Expectations Of Filial Obligation And Their Impact On Preferences For Future Populating Agreements Of Middle-Aged And Older Asian Indian Immigrants. † Journal Of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 26. 1 ( 2011 ) : 55-69. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 June 2012.

Lets Make A Deal An Analysis Of The Monty Hall Problem Essays

Let's Make A Deal: An Analysis Of The Monty Hall Problem The Monty Hall problem is derived from a similar dilemma that was frequently brought up on the television game show Let's Make A Deal, hosted by Monty Hall. Though the game show's version usually involved some grand prize and then other smaller prizes to compare it to, the concepts of the two versions are the same. Here is the scenario: There are three doors. One of the three doors is hiding a prize, while the other two are empty or contain something undesirable, such as a goat. The contestant is asked to try and guess which door is the prize door. (If the contestant guesses correctly, he wins the prize.) Once the contestant makes his choice, the host says something like, Are you sure that is the right door? How about this; I'll up your chances and open one of the other two doors. The door is opened to reveal a goat. Now, do you still think the prize is behind your original choice, or would you like to switch to the other closed door? The contestant must make a decision between the t wo doors remaining closed. Here is the big question: Should the contestant stay with his initial selection or should he switch, and does it really matter? This question was brought to the attention of Marilyn vos Savant and plublished in Ask Marilyn, her column in PARADE Magazine. Her reply caused an uproar and she received several letters, many from mathematics professors and probability experts, claiming that her answer was totally false. In her reply, she had said that the contestant was more likely to win if he switched. (I agree with this theory.) The controversy from Marilyn's column spread to other publications and spurred on a huge debate over the probability of winning if the contestant stays with or switches his choice. At first glance, the probability of winning seems obvious. After the host opens one of the doors, two are left closed, each having an equal likelihood of containing the prize. So there is a fifty-fifty chance of choosing the correct door. It does not matter whether the contestant switches or stays, because the probabilities are the same. But if the problem is considered a little more closely, you might change your mind. Here is a different approach to the puzzle: First of all, there are three doors, and the prize can only be behind one of them. So there is a one-third chance that the contestant will get the prize, and a two-thirds chance that he will not get the prize. If the contestant decides to stay with one door, then his chances of hitting the prize will be one-third. Let's say the contestant has chosen a door and it is not the prize door. This has a probability of two-thirds. Then the prize must be behind one of the other two doors. Furthermore, the host will open one of these two doors, revealing the one that is empty. So the prize has to be behind the other door remaining closed. Therefore, if the contestant chooses the wrong door at first (this having a two-thirds probability,) and then switches, he is certain to get the prize. Summing up, if the contestant switches, his odds of winning is two-thirds, and if the contestant does not switch, his odds of winning is one-third. A simple theory, though, does not hold very much importance until it is proven. With this in mind, I ran several trials of different experiments to see if Marilyn vos Savant's assumption was actually true. The first investigation I ran was several trials on a simulation of the game I found on the internet (at http://www.intergalact.com/threedoor/threedoor.cgi). The simulation asked me to pick a door, then it opened another door, and finally asked me to either stay with my previous selection or switch. I played twenty times; ten times staying and ten times switching. The results are shown in Table A. When I switched, I won eighty percent of the time, whereas when I stayed, I only won forty percent of the time. In a separate simulation of the problem on a different web site (at http://cartalk.cars.com/Tools/monty.pl), after completing one

Free Essays on Korean Jewelry

Silla, Paekche, and Karak are known as the three kingdoms in the Three Kingdoms period that occurred approximately between the years of 37 B. C. E. and 668 C. E. In coming together in unity, these three kingdoms enjoyed more freedom than they had for many years because of the lack of fighting between their three kingdoms as well as the unified front that they presented to others. Invasions became less frequent from common enemies, namely Japan and China, who would continue to invade and overtake Korea even in the twentieth century. The Three Kingdoms period was a time of flourishing art and ability. It was a time that Korea began to see more things Chinese mainly because of an invasion of another kind, Buddhism. It was during this time that many Korean people, mainly chungin class artists, began to notice and imitate Chinese art that was beginning to be imported. The chungin class in Korea was known as middle class. Theirs was a small group that consisted of educated laborers such as astronomers, physicians, interpreters and artists. This group was subordinate to the yangban, or nobility. The yangban’s taste in art differed in that from the chungin class. The chungin preferred a more realistic approach to art whereas the yangban’s taste was for the more dreamlike and fantastic. The chungin also preferred to speak in their native tongue, Hanguk (Korean) whereas the yangban considered it vulgar not to speak in Chinese. All Korean people who could write at this time did so in Chinese because the Korean characters were not â€Å"created† until the fifteenth century by King Sejong. Most secrets of the metal smithing and engraving have remained just that, secrets. There is a lack of written information on most Korean skills because most skilled workers utilized the master-apprentice system of passing information through generations. Whatever we do know about the creating of art during this time comes from the writings of ... Free Essays on Korean Jewelry Free Essays on Korean Jewelry Silla, Paekche, and Karak are known as the three kingdoms in the Three Kingdoms period that occurred approximately between the years of 37 B. C. E. and 668 C. E. In coming together in unity, these three kingdoms enjoyed more freedom than they had for many years because of the lack of fighting between their three kingdoms as well as the unified front that they presented to others. Invasions became less frequent from common enemies, namely Japan and China, who would continue to invade and overtake Korea even in the twentieth century. The Three Kingdoms period was a time of flourishing art and ability. It was a time that Korea began to see more things Chinese mainly because of an invasion of another kind, Buddhism. It was during this time that many Korean people, mainly chungin class artists, began to notice and imitate Chinese art that was beginning to be imported. The chungin class in Korea was known as middle class. Theirs was a small group that consisted of educated laborers such as astronomers, physicians, interpreters and artists. This group was subordinate to the yangban, or nobility. The yangban’s taste in art differed in that from the chungin class. The chungin preferred a more realistic approach to art whereas the yangban’s taste was for the more dreamlike and fantastic. The chungin also preferred to speak in their native tongue, Hanguk (Korean) whereas the yangban considered it vulgar not to speak in Chinese. All Korean people who could write at this time did so in Chinese because the Korean characters were not â€Å"created† until the fifteenth century by King Sejong. Most secrets of the metal smithing and engraving have remained just that, secrets. There is a lack of written information on most Korean skills because most skilled workers utilized the master-apprentice system of passing information through generations. Whatever we do know about the creating of art during this time comes from the writings of ...

Ford motor company Form 10-K review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ford motor company Form 10-K review - Essay Example The paper involves the requirements of the types of segments to be reported on the annual financial statements.This Statement needs that a public business enterprise to give a detailed report on the measure of the segment profit or loss, specific expense items and revenue, and the segment assets. The statement also requires the reconciliations of the entire total segment assets, segment revenues, total segment profit or loss, and additional amounts disclosed for the segments to which correspond to the amounts in the entire company’s financial statements. The statement also require that public company’s give a descriptive report on the information concerning the revenues resulting from the company’s products, services etc. , about countries where the enterprise do earn revenues and also possess assets, and the statement also require a list of major customers.

The Role Of Technology In Economic Development Research Paper

The Role Of Technology In Economic Development - Research Paper Example People encounter improvements in their living through economic development occurring in a nation. The scope of this study is primarily limited to the economy of United States. However the existing literature and the different viewpoints offered by various researchers and authors related to technology and economic development have been included in this study. Economic development can be viewed from the institutionalism perspective which states that technology forms an important driving force for the economic development of a nation. However this has been argued by the ecological economists who do not consider technology being the only factor that can lead to development of an economy. Trade and technology are found to be positively correlated with each other and most of the nations using greater volume of technology are the most economically developed nations of the world. Hence technology plays a vital role in the sustainable growth and development of an economy. Technology has been defined by economists as knowledge or ideas that facilitate increased production of output from a given input. A greater amount of technology implies that the ability of producing output is enhanced using the same amount of input as was used earlier. Technology can be considered to be composed of various things. It can imply different types of engineering discoveries like the inventions of light bulb or airplane, basic knowledge, concepts related to services or production, etc. The importance of technology is evident because of the fact that inputs of regular quantities are associated with diminishing returns. Keeping other things constant, the utilization of more inputs leads to lesser amount of outputs that can be produced through each of the additional inputs. However, since similar concept is applicable to the overall economy, use of technology does not lead to diminishing returns. Hence it has been observed that technology has a significant role to play in the process of overco ming various limitations that are imposed through the phenomenon of diminishing returns to capital and labor. Prophecies of doom have been announced in various points of time in the historical past which was based on the concept that the scarcity of one of the inputs would result in the halt of economic growth. However technological advancements have disproven all of these prophecies so far. Technology has helped us to formulate ways through which we can produce more output from a given input and hence reduced the dangers that are imposed through the limitations of the availability of certain resources. The role of technology in the economic development of a nation can be viewed from different perspectives like the economical and social perspectives. Development is actually referred to the various improvements that occur in the lives of people living in a community. This study entails about the various roles played by technology towards the economic growth and development of a natio n. The scope of this study is mostly limited to the economy of United States. However it has been compared and contrasted with various other economies and from the global

Micronutrien metabolism past and present (synthesis of vitamin A from Essay

Micronutrien metabolism past and present (synthesis of vitamin A from beta carotene) - Essay Example In addition, the evolution of the recommended dietary intakes of vitamin A will be discussed. Elmer V. McCollum and M. Davis discovered vitamin A during 1912-1914. In 1913, Yale researchers, Thomas Osborne and Lafayette Mendel discoveredthat butter contained a fat-soluble nutrient soon known as vitamin A. Scientist of this era had determined that there was vitamin A activity from yellow pigmentation in plants that was similar to the yellow in butterfat. Early researchers went on to deny the possibility of a relationship between yellow coloration in plants and vitamin A activity based on findings from Palmer and Eccles, 1914. Palmer and Eccles achieved success in rearing chickens and rats up with diets almost devoid of carotene. In addition, Stephenson [1920] found that butter fat could be completely stripped of color by charcoal without losing its retinol activity. It was not until 1929 when the link between carotene and vitamin A activity was reestablished. Thomas Moore in 1929 continued research between carotene and vitamin A activity in rats from carrot root. In Moore's experiment test rats were fed a vitamin A restricted diet until definite signs of deficiency become obvious, Xerophthalmia (night blindness) and slowed growth. Fresh carrot root cut into pieces of 50, 100 or 200 mg. were added to the rodents daily intake. In all rats receiving 200 or 100 mg. of carrot xerophthalmia was cured and steady growth was resumed. In one rat receiving 50 mg. of carrot no response was observed. In addition, the experiments carried out by Moore in 1929 (T, 1929) confirmed the appearance of vitamin A in liver upon the oral dose of carotene. It was assumed that conversion occurred in the liver but direct evidence to prove the fact was not known. In 1931, the first claim of the conversion "in vitro" was brought into account from experiments by Olcott and McCann. They incubated carotene in an enzyme preparation, carotenase, for 24 hours. The product of this experiment became colorless with an absorption band at 3280 under specrspoic examination. The results of this experiment were not duplicated in subsequent procedures when the carotenase had been deactivated by heat. There was evidence that carotene went through some sort of enzymatic process but the specifics were still unknown. Since the early 1900's much has evolved in our knowledge of how -carotene is converted into vitamin A. Olson JA in 2008 discussed the Provitamin A of carotenoids with respects to the conversion of -carotene into vitamin A. Two pathways have been suggested for the conversion of carotenoids to vitamin A in mammals, central cleavage and eccentric cleavage. -carotenoid-15-15-dioxygenase convert -carotene into two molecules of retinal in good yield. The reaction requires molecular oxygen but, is inhibited by sulphydryl-binding and iron binding reagents. This enzyme is responsible for cleavage of most provitamin A carotenoids to retinal. The excentric cleavage occurs in plants and some microorganism and might also occur in mammals. In Microcystis species, there is a highly specific and essential stochiometric conversion of -carotene to cyclocitral and to crocetin-dial. But, till this report was published no mammalian carotenoid dioxygenase with excentric bond specificity was identified an d characterized. The

Analysis of Lease Accounting Standards

Analysis of Lease Accounting Standards Abstract The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) are reviewing their guidelines on lease accounting this year. This paper provides background information on the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), FASB and IASB including what their role is in accounting. It details the history of lease accounting for them, changes that have occurred since the original guidelines were issued, and why the FASB and IASB are looking to update the current standards. History and Future of Lease Accounting for Leases The history of lease accounting provides numerous changes to the standards. FASB 13 is the last major change that has been made and that was 30 years ago. The financial community describes the changes that could arise from the FASB and IASB as an effort to bring transparency to company balance sheets. This is a continuing reaction to Enron and certain happenings earlier in the decade that brought off-balance sheet items to the forefront. There is a lot of focus on off-balance sheet obligations now. Users of financial statements depend on the statements to provide important information about a companys performance, financial condition, and the cash flow. Financial statement users include bankers deciding whether to lend money or renew a loan to a company, suppliers deciding to extend you credit. â€Å"The FASB and IASBs conceptual framework objective is to provide a common framework that provides useful and complete accounting information† (Monson, 2001). Standard Setting Bodies Security and Exchange Commission The Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) was established in 1933 after the Crash of 1930. Prior to this time there, no standard setting body existed. Even after its formation, the SEC encouraged the private sector to set them. In 1934, the SEC received the authority to establish financial accounting and reporting for publicly held companies. Committee on Accounting Procedures In 1939, the SEC suggested that the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) create a formal standard setting body. The AICPA established the Committee on Accounting Procedures (CAP). During its reign from 1939 to 1959, they issued 51 Accounting Research Bulletins. CAP was not as successful as had been hoped. CAP only issued standards on problems as they occurred. These standards are known as Accounting Research Bulletins or ARBs. Accounting Principles Board The Committee on Accounting Procedures was replaced with the Accounting Principles Board (APB) in 1959. They issued 31 opinions and 4 statements over the next 14 years. They are credited with the development of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) from the opinions and statements they issued. Financial Accounting Standards Board The APB was replaced by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), which was formed in 1973. FASB is an independent board with full-time members who no longer work in private firms or their employers. FASB establishes standards for businesses in the private sector. As part of the FASB mission statement it states that, â€Å"standards are essential to the efficient functioning of the economy because investors, creditors, auditors, and others rely on credible, transparent, and comparable information† (Financial, 2007.). In Facts about FASB (2007), the FASB seeks to accomplish their mission by acting to keep standards current to reflect any changes in methods of doing business, to improve the usefulness of financial reporting by focusing on relevance, reliability, comparability, and consistency, and to promote the international convergence of accounting standards. International Accounting Standards Board The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) established in 2001 is based in London. It succeeded the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), which was founded in 1973. The IASB develops a solitary set of global accounting standards that provide transparent and comparable information in financial statements. The IASB works with national accounting standards bodies to accomplish a united set of accounting standards to be used around the world. Original Standards for Leases ARB 43, Chapter 14 In 1949, the Committee on Accounting Procedures issued ARB 43, Restatement and Revision of Accounting Research Bulletins, Chapter 14 Disclosure of Long-Term Leases in Financial Statements of Lessees. ARB 43, Chapter 14 only provides guidance for leasing land and buildings. ARB 43 (1953) requires that the lessee assumes all the expenses and obligations of ownership, such as taxes, insurance, and repairs. These types of arrangements differed from conventional long-term leases but the principles of disclosure were intended to be applied to both types of arrangements. The disclosures that need to be reported included the amount of annual rent to be paid, the period for which the payments are payable. The disclosure is to be reported for the life of the lease not just the first year. In the first year of the lease, the disclosure needs to detail the transaction (FASB, 1953). APB Opinion No. 5 The Accounting Principles Board issued Opinion No. 5, Reporting of Leases in Financial Statements of Lessees in September 1964 and supercedes ARB 43, Chapter 14. Since ARB 43 had been issued, leases had been disclosed on financial statements but not in a consistent manner. The information disclosed was often not enough for investors to get a clear picture of a companys financial position. According to APB Opinion No. 5 (1967), there had been very few instances of capitalization of leased property and recognition of the related obligation. In Accounting Principles Boards Opinion No. 5, rental (lease) payments for services, property taxes, utilities, maintenance, etc. are to be treated as an expense. Having the right to use property and paying a specific rental amount over a period are not considered an asset or liability. An operating lease should disclose relevant information about the lease or rental agreement and the information disclosed will vary from one situation to another. Lessees were to disclose the minimum annual payments and length of time at the least. The maximum they should disclose was the type of property leased, the obligation assumed, requirements of the lease. APB No. 5 (1967) states a capitalized lease may require a note or schedule to disclose the details of the lease agreement. Lease arrangements that are similar to an installment purchase should be listed on the balance sheet and depreciated accordingly. For a lease agreement to be capitalized there should be material equity in the purchase. IAS 17 The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) issued IAS 17, Accounting for Leases, in September 1982. A lease is classified either as a finance lease or an operating lease. A finance lease is classified as such â€Å"if it transfers substantially all the risks and rewards† (International, 2003) to the lessee. Leases are classified as an operating lease if they do not meet the criteria of a finance lease. The following situations would lead a lease to be classified as a finance lease: Transfer of ownership of the asset to the lessee at the end of the lease The lessee has the option to purchase the asset at an amount that is sufficiently lower than the fair value The lease term is for most of the assets life At the beginning of the lease, the present value of the minimum lease payments is equal to the fair value of the asset. (International, 2003) IAS 17 (2003) requires that the following accounting principles be applied to finance leases. The finance lease should be recorded as an asset and a liability, lease payments should be distributed between finance charges or interest expense and the principle amount of the liability, and depreciation should be calculated using the same method as that of the companies owned assets. The International Accounting Standards Board (2003) defines the disclosure requirements lessees of finance leases must follow. Lessees of finance leases disclose the carrying amount of the asset, reconciliation between total minimum lease payments and the present value, amounts of minimum lease payments as of the balance sheet date, and the present value for the next years, years 2 through 5 combined, and beyond 5 years and a general description of the lease arrangement. In section 35 of IAS 17, the International Accounting Standards Board (2003) provides disclosure details for lessees of operating leases. Lessees must recognize lease payments as an expense on the income statement. They should provide in the financial statement disclosure a description of the lease arrangement, including any provisions, whether there is a purchase option, and any restrictions that are imposed. Also, lease payments as of the financial statement date for the next year, years 2 through 5 combined, and beyond 5 years. Changes to Original Standards APB Opinion No. 31 The Accounting Principles Board issued Opinion No. 31, Disclosure of Lease Commitments by Lessees, on June 1972 with an effective date of January 1, 1974. Opinion No. 31 was developed because investors, grantors, and users of financial statements acknowledged that at the time the disclosures did not provide all the information they deemed important. The APB issued it to clarify and now require the disclosure requirements of APB Opinion No. 5. The Board did not want to establish any disclosure requirements because the FASB had placed leases as a subject on its agenda at the time this was issued. The Board was hesitant because they did not want to bias the decision. The Board reworded its requirements for the disclosures of operating leases. A lease that is for one year or more needs to provide the total rental expense. The minimum rental payments should be disclosed for each of the five succeeding years, each of the next three to five year periods, and the remainder should be listed as a single amount. Additional disclosures that should be included are whether the payments are dependent upon any factors other than time, if so what is the basis for calculating the payments, is there a purchase or renewal option, and any restrictions. (FASB, 1973) FAS 13 In November 1976, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued FAS 13, Accounting for Leases. The issuance was to provide detailed criteria that other statements had supplied for classifying leases that would prevent many different interpretations. This statement superseded APB Opinion No. 5, Reporting of Leases in Financial Statements of Lessees and APB Opinion No. 7, Reporting of Leases in Financial Statements for Lessors. FAS 13 established standards of financial reporting for both lessees and lessors. The standard provided a definition of leases, how leases should be classified, and what needed to be disclosed. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (1976) defined a lease as â€Å"an agreement conveying the right to use property, plant, or equipment usually for a stated period of time†. This definition includes agreements that although may not be identified as a lease but falls under the definition. FAS 13 (1976) states that a lease is classified either as an operating lease or as a capital lease. Capital leases meet one or more of the criteria FASB established for a capital lease. The criteria for classifying leases as a capital lease are: The lease transfers ownership of the asset at the end of the lease term. The lease contains a bargain purchase option The lease is longer than 75% of the products economic life The present value of the lease is more than 90% of the asset value using the lessees incremental borrowing rate. (FASB, 1976) FAS 13 provided the following accounting principles that are applied when it is determined that a lessee is involved in a capital lease. The lessee records a capital lease as an asset and liability for the amount equal to the value of the lease payments. If the lease has a bargain purchase option or if the property transfers ownership at the end of the lease term, the asset is depreciated according to the lessees normal depreciation for owned assets. If the lease does not contain a bargain purchase option or if the property does not transfer ownership at the end of the lease, the asset is depreciated for the life of the lease. Leases that do not meet the criteria of a capital lease are classified as an operational lease and are treated as an expense for the term of the lease on the income statement. (FASB, 1976) Capital leases should disclose the gross amount of the asset and the future minimum lease payments. Operating leases should disclose the future minimum rental payment required, a general description of the terms of the lease agreement to include how the rental payments are determined, terms of renewal or purchase option, any restrictions that may apply. FASB and IASB to Update Lease Standards In July 2006, the FASB and IASB announced that it had added a leasing project to its agenda to reconsider all aspects of lease accounting. One reason for the project is to harmonize lease accounting standards with the IASB. â€Å" The IASB and FASB currently have substantial differences in their treatment of leases; particularly notable is that the â€Å"bright line† tests of FAS 13 (whether the lease term is 75% or more of the economic life, and whether the present value of the rents is 90% or more of the fair value) are not used by the IASB, which prefers a â€Å"facts and circumstances† approach that entails more judgment calls† (Open, 2006). Both the FASB and IASB have the finance and operating lease concept. However, their criteria are different for classification. Another reason is a request from investors and other authoritative bodies who have been criticizing that similar lease transactions were still being accounted for in different ways. In the SECs 2005 report in response to Sarbanes-Oxley the SEC stated that too many leases were being kept off the balance sheet. â€Å"The commissions staff estimated that the standards allow publicly traded companies to keep an undiscounted $1.25 trillion in future cash obligations off their balance sheet† (Leone, 2006). Therefore, the current accounting standards are failing to provide the necessary complete and transparent information. FASB and IASB hope to have an exposure draft available in 2009. Solutions There are two solutions to the lease problem. The FASB and IASB can either recommend leases to be reporting on a companys income statement only as an expense or on a companys balance sheet only as an asset and liability. Income Statement Only Using the income statement only solution, companies would report their leases as operating lease. An operating lease recognizes the lessees payments as rent expense or lease expense on the income statement. Balance Sheet Only Using the balance sheet only solution, companies report their leases on the balance sheet as an asset and liability. It will also allow for depreciation and interest expense on the income statement. Capitalization of all leases will bring previously unreported assets and liabilities onto the balance sheet Analysis When companies lease an asset, the way it is accounted for depends on whether it is categorized as an operating or capital lease. How a lease is categorized may be different for tax purposes then for accounting purposes. The GAAP standards and Internal Revenue Service can have different sets of criteria. According to IRS Revenue Ruling 55-540 the IRS is wary of lease arrangements used to accelerate depreciation deductions. The IRS has no general rule for leases and each case is decided on an individual basis. However, from decisions previous made the following factors indicate a sale instead of a lease. If the asset meets one or more of the factors, it is considered a sale NOT a lease. A portion of the payments are specifically allocated as interest or it is obvious that is what is intended. The title is transferred at the end of the â€Å"rental† term. The lessee may purchase the asset at the end of the lease term for a bargain purchase price. When a lease qualifies as an operating lease, there are major consequences for the net income or loss and the return ratios of that company. In general, both the operating and net income of the firm will be decreased and the assets and liabilities for the firm will be understated. Debt management ratios are important to creditors and stockholders. Creditors want to make sure funds are available to pay interest and principal and are therefore particularly interested in short-run coverage ratios. Stockholders are concerned about the impact of excessive debt and interest on long-term profitability. Lenders and investors use such ratios as debt to equity, current ratios, and return on assets to evaluate the credit risk of current or prospective businesses. Ratios are used to measure the effectiveness that a company uses its assets and to compare a companys current performance. As shown below in the comparison of ratios in an operating or capitalized lease, the financial ratios can be misleading just by reporting leases off the balance sheet. By reporting the lease of ABC Restaurant, Inc. (Figures 1-4) as an operating lease or ABC Restaurant, Inc. (Figures 5-8) as a capitalized lease, the companys financial statements are affected. The financial statements of both are identical except for the accounts that were affected by the relative lease. The financial statements are not as accurate as investors and lenders are demanding. The current ratio is a quick indication of whether or not the company will have the means to pay its bills during the next year. It is clear to remain solvent, a company must have at least as much money coming in as it has going out. The current ratio is .31 for the operating lease and .30 for the capitalized lease. A current ratio over 1.5 to 2.0 is generally required for comfort. The debt ratio for the operating lease is 1.68%. In comparison, the debt ratio for the capitalized lease is 1.64%. A high debt ratio is generally viewed as risky by lenders and investors. The debt to equity ratio equals -1.32 and their return on assets is 38.45%. In relation to the capitalized lease which had a debt to equity ratio of -1.40 and their return on assets is 34.05%. The effect of a capital lease on net income is different then that of an operating lease because capital leases are treated the same as if assets are bought by the company. The company is allowed to claim depreciation on the asset and the interest payments on the lease are a tax deductions. By reporting assets on the balance sheet, this provides an increased level of information to lenders. This is especially useful to lenders of non public business or the small (S Corporations) who elect to omit disclosures on the financial statements. When a company does this those who review their financial statements will be misled because there will be no evidence of a lease existing. The payments will be accounted for on the income statement as rent expense or lease expense. Thereby, reducing the net income of those companies income statements. The AICPA issues Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services. The FASB issues standards for the public. The process for both the AICPA and the FASB starts with deliberations that are open to the public; the proposed Statements are then issued as Exposure Drafts, which allows the public to comment on them prior to the final pronouncement issued. Many accountants issued their opinions on what they feel should be done about this 30-year-old standard. Conclusion Currently, the lease standards are outdated. â€Å"Lease arrangements have evolved considerably over the past 30 years and the standards are outdated† (Miller, 12). FAS 13 was suppose to force leases to be capitalized but it did nothing but help lease companies create more cunning operating leases. The misclassification of leases affects not only the balance sheet but also the income statement and cash flow statement.

Essay on Romanticism in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein :: Frankenstein essays

Essay on Romanticism in Frankenstein      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All literature is influenced by the time period in which it was written; whether it be war, poverty, or any other social trends. People tend to write commentaries of political events, or just describe the time period. Whether it is intentional or subconscious, an author cannot help to include some aspects of the time period in which they are in.  Ã‚   The Romantic Period had a tremendous influence on Marry Shelly's writing of the novel, Frankenstein.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Industrial Revolution in England during the late 1700's was a time of great change. The populace was moving into cities, and people were disillusioned by the destruction of nature and the living conditions in the cities. In response to this disillusionment, people started to envision the world differently than they had before. They saw nature as all beautiful, powerful, and perfect. Previously, the inspiration for literature was law, order, and religion; now, it is in the writers imagination and powerful emotions. This change in the attitude of the people is called Romanticism. The Romantic Movement is one of the most important literary periods in history; affecting the literature, music, and art of the period. It encouraged spontaneity, and acting with emotions, not common sense. In the more classical style of writing, writers addressed their books to the upper class, but now writers addressed the common man and his problems. Their was a new feeling of spirituality. People were seeking eastern concepts of nirvana, transcendentalism and being one with nature. People wanted to experience life, not study it. They seeked extreme emotions, whether they were good or bad. Marry Shelly used all of these philosophies of the Romantic Period in writing, Frankenstien.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Victor Fankenstien is a man with great ambition, he is obsessed and self-centered. His life is the mirror of a Greed Tragedy. In his case, the flaw is his excessive pride. This flaw causes Victor to rush into something, for which he is not prepared. He fulfills his ambition and makes the biggest mistake of his life by creating a monster. Finally, just before Victors death, he has his catharsis. He tells Robert his story and cleanses himself. â€Å"seek happiness in tranquillity, avoid ambition† (pg. 205) This paradox, that he created a creature to help society, but it turns out to be the undoing of society and himself is an example of Victors self-centeredness. His life degenerates from here on. Victor is a product of the Industrial Revolution. In reaction to people with Victor's characteristics, the Romantic Period is born. His beliefs are in science and the known world, which is the opposite of the Romantic ideal. Essay on Romanticism in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein :: Frankenstein essays Essay on Romanticism in Frankenstein      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All literature is influenced by the time period in which it was written; whether it be war, poverty, or any other social trends. People tend to write commentaries of political events, or just describe the time period. Whether it is intentional or subconscious, an author cannot help to include some aspects of the time period in which they are in.  Ã‚   The Romantic Period had a tremendous influence on Marry Shelly's writing of the novel, Frankenstein.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Industrial Revolution in England during the late 1700's was a time of great change. The populace was moving into cities, and people were disillusioned by the destruction of nature and the living conditions in the cities. In response to this disillusionment, people started to envision the world differently than they had before. They saw nature as all beautiful, powerful, and perfect. Previously, the inspiration for literature was law, order, and religion; now, it is in the writers imagination and powerful emotions. This change in the attitude of the people is called Romanticism. The Romantic Movement is one of the most important literary periods in history; affecting the literature, music, and art of the period. It encouraged spontaneity, and acting with emotions, not common sense. In the more classical style of writing, writers addressed their books to the upper class, but now writers addressed the common man and his problems. Their was a new feeling of spirituality. People were seeking eastern concepts of nirvana, transcendentalism and being one with nature. People wanted to experience life, not study it. They seeked extreme emotions, whether they were good or bad. Marry Shelly used all of these philosophies of the Romantic Period in writing, Frankenstien.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Victor Fankenstien is a man with great ambition, he is obsessed and self-centered. His life is the mirror of a Greed Tragedy. In his case, the flaw is his excessive pride. This flaw causes Victor to rush into something, for which he is not prepared. He fulfills his ambition and makes the biggest mistake of his life by creating a monster. Finally, just before Victors death, he has his catharsis. He tells Robert his story and cleanses himself. â€Å"seek happiness in tranquillity, avoid ambition† (pg. 205) This paradox, that he created a creature to help society, but it turns out to be the undoing of society and himself is an example of Victors self-centeredness. His life degenerates from here on. Victor is a product of the Industrial Revolution. In reaction to people with Victor's characteristics, the Romantic Period is born. His beliefs are in science and the known world, which is the opposite of the Romantic ideal.

The Good Shepherd and the Black Sheep: Paradoxical Irony in “The Lame Shall Enter First”

â€Å"[W]hen thou doest alms, let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth† counsels the Bible, thus setting the precedent for all well-meaning members of western society concerning their charitable intentions (Matt. 6. 3). Humanity's motivation to aid others, regardless of the outcome, is oft times spotted by the subtle struggle between selflessness and selfishness. Flannery O'Connor captures this classic conflict between good and evil in Southern Grotesque fashion through her characters, the protagonist Sheppard and his foil, Rufus Johnson, in [comment2] â€Å"The Lame Shall Enter First†. comment3] Challenging the literal paradigm of light and darkness, O'Connor weaves together well crafted characterization, cryptic dialogue, and both biblical and literary allusion in this paradoxical plot and, by way of Sheppard and the antithetical Rufus, blends the black and white of Christian dogma into an ironic grey. The contrast of light and dark begins with the descrip tion and characterization of the apparently angelic [comment4] Sheppard, and continues with the introduction of the obscure and ominous Rufus Johnson. O'Connor is not pretentious in her description and development of either character. Sheppard's white hair and â€Å"halo† are obvious references to his protagonistic status as the story's do-gooder [comment5] (Norton 371). The narrator continues on by lauding his charitable contribution to the community as a counselor and weekend volunteer for â€Å"boys no one else cared about† (372). The reader's only initial clue toward Sheppard's self-righteous mania is his deliberate, guilt-implying sermon towards Norton, his disconcerted and doomed son. It is not, however, until the arrival of the dim, drenched Rufus that seemingly stark white coat of Sheppard loses its untainted radiance. comment6] Johnson is literally cast as the black sheep from the moment he limps into the house in his soaking â€Å"wet black suit† (376). The ultimate personification of evil comes when he is physically compared directly to the perennial villian Adolf Hitler (378). His opaque character is developed as dark as his appearance through his unending ingratitude and spiteful words toward his supposed savior, Sheppard. The ambiguous dialogue between the two main characters continues to blur the line between the traditional literal concept of good versus evil and the author's own Grotesque version. comment7] O'Connor's use of foreshadowing and plot development through dialogue is essential to the work, and is much more obvious upon rereading it. Though Sheppard's works are concrete and compassionate, his words are abstract and empty. His answers to both Norton and Rufus come in rehearsed, logical explanations. [comment8] Sheppard's attempts to animate either child about their future are thwarted by his own uncertainty. The clearest example of this comes from one of the most crucial sections of the story, when Sheppard fails to satisfy Norton's desire to know where his deceased mother is: â€Å"She doesn't exist [. . ] That's all I have to give you, [. . . ] the truth† (383). [comment9] Where the â€Å"good† shepherd fails, the black sheep pr evails. The dark character that Rufus is developed into shows an admirable assurity and for once a faint light flickers from behind the â€Å"black sheen [that] appear[ed] in the boy's eyes† (375) as he describes the existence of heaven and hell to Norton, confirming that the boy's mother is â€Å"saved† (383). Then, in one of the most obvious uses of foreshadowing in the story, Rufus goes on to tell Norton [comment10] that â€Å"Right now you'd go where she is [. . . but if you live long enough, you'll go to hell† (383). Once again Sheppard and his voice of reason seem to grow grayer as he immediately tells Norton to close the window, as if to separate him from the stars and his newly found hope in the existence of his mother (383). Admittedly influenced by her orthodox Christian background (408), O'Connor scatters both biblical and assorted literal allusions throughout her story, creating somewhat of a parody of common Christian themes. The use of Sheppard as the name of the protagonist binds the character to some religious comparison immediately. This is only reinforced when Rufus pronounces bitterly: â€Å"He thinks he's Jesus Christ! † (381) [comment11]Another use of allusion with reference to Sheppard is Rufus' [comment12] crudely accurate accusation of him as a â€Å"big tin Jesus† (395). Like the forlorn tin man from The Wizard of Oz, Rufus' statement argues that Sheppard is just as hollow as that empty, heartless shell of a man, regardless of his outwardly good deeds. Perhaps the most encompassing phrase in the story is O'Connor's allusion to the verse in St. Matthew quoted in the first paragraph. [comment13] Repeated both at the beginning of the story and in his final appearance, Rufus declares that Sheppard â€Å"don't know his left hand from his right! † (377, 395). Clearly O'Connor is alluding to Sheppard's selfish or misguided agenda well illustrated when he tells Norton of his desire to help the orphaned Rufus. Sheppard's publicly done deeds are challenged by Rufus, the unwilling recipient of a well-meaning man going through the motions, yet craving some sort of reward for his actions. The once polarized characters grow ever closer with the equalizing power of reality. â€Å"The Lame Shall Enter First† ends as abruptly as it begins. There is no cathartic victory for the alleged [comment14] â€Å"good shepherd†, only the agony of total defeat. Sheppard's epiphany comes too late and the stark contrast that once distinguished him from the dark object of his alms turns into the faded realization that he is no better than the beleaguered beneficiary. Through O'Connor's strategic literary devices, deft character contrast, and parody of entrenched Christian values, the reader is left to digest and dissect the fact that maybe the entire flock [comment15] isn't worth one black sheep. Between the black and white islands of moral certainty, good and evil, there lies a sea of ironic grey. Works Cited The King James Version. Great Britain: Cambridge UP, 1996. O'Connor, Flannery. â€Å"The Lame Shall Enter First. † The Norton Introduction to Literature. Eds. Jerome Beaty and J. Paul Hunter. 7th ed. New York: Norton, 1998. 371-414.

Space Tornadoes - Seen in Space or from Space

Space Tornadoes - Seen in Space or from Space Space tornadoes is a weather term that can have 2 different meanings. A space tornado can mean a tornado that occurs in outer space or it can mean terrestrial tornadoes that can be seen from space. Keep in mind that only terrestrial tornadoes on Earth are technically classified as a real tornado. Cosmic Tornadoes from Young Stars Solar Windstorm Tornadoes auroras New research from the University of California has made detailed measurements of these space tornadoes, also known as substorm current wedges. According to a National Geographic News story, space tornadoes kick-start terrestrial auroras. The University of California team has discovered that space tornadoes form at least every three hours and take just a minute to reach the ionosphere. Tornadoes from Space weather satellites Weather on Other Planets Hows the Weather on Other Planets? is an excellent site to tour the typical weather on other planets. For instance, the temperature on Venus, with an intense greenhouse effect, can reach 900 degrees Fahrenheit. You can also tour the 1,00 mile per hour winds on the planet Saturn.

buy custom The Work of Children essay

buy custom The Work of Children essay I agree that the play is a work of children. The characters in the play are acting in the capacity of young children. They are attempting to bring out the scenario in the real world of children. The evidence of the play is brought out in the statement that the play cannot be convincing or interesting as the children. It took the characters a great deal of practice to do what was, well, childs play in the nursery (Paley, 2005). Address language, conversation, and stories and their role in play, according to Paley The language use in the play is child language. It is less sensible as it picks on anything randomly and gives a narration which has no direction in itself. The language uses sound devises such as Ahzz! Water, water! Gulp, gulp, gulp, come on, drink it! The language is the child version way of communication. Similarly, the conversation lacks the connection to be one contribution discussion. Every child does her things independently but talking to each other simultaneously at the same time. Each child in the play is pursuing a fantasy but seem to be aware of the other childcontribution in the play (Layne, 2007). Select one anecdote from the book, and discuss why it holds meaning for you in the context of the concept of play One anecdote from the book I select is the victory story of Vijay. It is an interesting one because of its tragedy and the victory. The plane crash into OHare, and into the Westin tall building. The plane was fixed by the mechanics and people were fixed by the doctors. The building was not fixed because it was on fire. The victory repeats when the people go home in her story (Cooper, 2009). Compare two children mentioned in the book, and discuss how their situation represents the concept of the importance of the play The two children mentions in the play are Kostos and Vijay. The Vijay story is about a plane that crash into an OHare, and into the Westin tall building. In his story, the tragedy was the plane crashing into the building (Bjorklund, Blasi, 2011). The plane was damage, the building burns and the people were injured. There was a victory on his story. There weree fixers who help to fix the damages. The fixers are mechanics, doctors and firemen (Rodney, 2009). Address the view of the concept of fantacy and imagination, as presented by by paley, with supporting details The concept of fantasy is brought out in the story of Kostos and Vijay. The plane crashing into an OHare, and into the Westin tall building was deadly tragedy and the narrator cannot be talking about the fixing, that could happen in the real set up. It is a fantasy that there were survivors who they were treated and discharge to go home (O'Loughlin, 2009). Describe the concept, example, or situation in this book which was most meaningful to you The concept which is meaningful to me in the book is the story of Vijay tragedy and victory story. The plane that crash into an OHare, and into the Westin tall building (Bjorklund, 2011). The plane was damage, the building burns and the people were injured. There was a victory on her story. There were fixers who help to fix the damages. The fixers are mechanics, doctors and firemen (Staples, Cochran, 2008). Buy custom The Work of Children essay

Dream Surrealist vs. Automatist Surrealist Essay

Dream Surrealist vs. Automatist Surrealist - Essay Example The essay "Dream Surrealist vs. Automatist Surrealist" discusses Automatist Surrealist and Dream Surrealist. From this era, artists and intellectuals both would increasingly use modern methods to explore the psyche and express its contents, seeking new forms and modalities of expression to accomplish the goal. Where dada sought to embrace the irrational and elevate it to a de facto cosmic principle, this is also recognition of the final deterioration of medieval systems of thought and the birth of the modern individual in Europe and internationally. As the avante garde artists of this movement, Andrà © Masson and Salvador Dali represent two aspects of early Surrealism, differentiated by their methodology of inquiry into the content of the mind and its expression into two factions, the dream surrealists and the automatist surrealists. Masson’s â€Å"Automatic Drawing† of 1924 is paradigmatic of the automatist school which used artistic methods based in illogic and chanc e to override the conscious aspects of both mind and artistic expression to search for self-discovery and universalism in the imagery of the subconscious and unconscious states of mind. To do so they often practiced automatic drawing in order to conjure these images out of the deeper states of consciousness by overriding the processes of the ego and the senses. In this manner, the surrealists based their art on an early form of Western depth psychology. The dream surrealists shared Freud’s infatuation with the symbolism of dreams and dream interpretation. and sought to express the imagery of dreams in their artwork. Yet, unlike the automatists, the dream surrealists did not seek to overcome the traditional use of the ego in painting, but rather to use the ego to express the language of dreams, a subtle difference that can be seen through comparing Masson’s work to one of Salvador Dali’s first dream surrealist paintings, â€Å"Inaugural Goose Flesh† (1928) . In 1924, Salvador Dali’s artwork was still very much exhibiting the influences of Cubism and of the Greek-Italian surrealist Giorgio de Chirico. Dali’s â€Å"Still Life† (1924) and â€Å"Port Alguer† (1924) both show the influence of Picasso and early Cubism, as well as Dali’s early experimentation with different styles such as Impressionism, reflected in the waters of the sea in contrast to the cubist architecture. (ArtMight, 2011) Yet, in â€Å"Still Life† (1924), the â€Å"metaphysical plane† introduced by de Chirico is beginning to be shown in his painting, fully evident four years later when Dali paints, â€Å"Inaugural Goose Flesh† (1928). This â€Å"metaphysical plane† is different than the traditional perspective of portrait, still life, or natural painting. What it does is replace the horizon and relation between earth and sky which dominates representational painting with an infinite horizon upon which anythi ng can arise, representing the plane of mind and the world of dreams. In de Chirico’s early work, the viewer has the unspoken understanding through the use of light on an artificial, imaginary, and infinite horizon, that the events or scene depicted is a dream image. Salvador Dali would become recognized by developing this aspect of the imaginary or metaphysical plane into his artwork over a long career, but it is in â€Å"